Chakraborty, SwaroopSwaroopChakrabortyMisra, Superb K.Superb K.MisraLead, Jamie R.Jamie R.LeadLynch, IseultIseultLynch2025-10-212025-10-212025-01-0110.1038/s41578-025-00844-92-s2.0-105018226451http://repository.iitgn.ac.in/handle/IITG2025/33328The inability to observe the rapid, initial transformations that dictate nanomaterial fate constitutes a fundamental scientific gap, forcing risk assessments to rely on retrospective, incomplete data. A paradigm shift to real-time, operando characterization is vital to build the predictive understanding required for the development of safe and sustainable nanomaterials and applications.falseArticle2058843720250WOS:001585691600001