We report the first demonstration of accurate real-time non-invasive measurement of the absolute cumulative mole fraction of metabolic carbon dioxide emitted by Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus over a period of ...

Recovery of the full 2f wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS) signal in isolation from the 2f residual amplitude modulation (RAM) due to nonlinear intensity modulation (IM) and distortion due to linear IM is demonstrated. ...

An electronically‐controlled fibre‐optic RAM nullingmethod is presented fortunable diode laser spectroscopy (TDLS) of gases. An electronic variable optical attenuator and a 1x2 optical switch are used to demonstrate the ...