Swift-BAT GUANO Follow-up of Gravitational-wave Triggers in the Third LIGO–Virgo–KAGRA Observing Run
Source
Astrophysical Journal
ISSN
0004637X
Date Issued
2025-02-20
Author(s)
Raman, Gayathri
Ronchini, Samuele
Delaunay, James
Tohuvavohu, Aaron
Kennea, Jamie A.
Parsotan, Tyler
Ambrosi, Elena
Bernardini, Maria Grazia
Campana, Sergio
Cusumano, Giancarlo
D’Aì, Antonino
D’Avanzo, Paolo
D’Elia, Valerio
De Pasquale, Massimiliano
Dichiara, Simone
Evans, Phil
Hartmann, Dieter
Kuin, Paul
Melandri, Andrea
O’Brien, Paul
Osborne, Julian P.
Page, Kim
Palmer, David M.
Sbarufatti, Boris
Tagliaferri, Gianpiero
Troja, Eleonora
Abac, A. G.
Abbott, R.
Abe, H.
Abouelfettouh, I.
Acernese, F.
Ackley, K.
Adamcewicz, C.
Adhicary, S.
Adhikari, N.
Adhikari, R. X.
Adkins, V. K.
Adya, V. B.
Affeldt, C.
Agarwal, D.
Agathos, M.
Aguiar, O. D.
Aguilar, I.
Aiello, L.
Ain, A.
Akutsu, T.
Albanesi, S.
Alfaidi, R. A.
Al-Jodah, A.
Alléné, C.
Allocca, A.
Al-Shammari, S.
Altin, P. A.
Alvarez-Lopez, S.
Amato, A.
Amez-Droz, L.
Amorosi, A.
Amra, C.
Anand, S.
Ananyeva, A.
Anderson, S. B.
Anderson, W. G.
Andia, M.
Ando, M.
Andrade, T.
Andres, N.
Andrés-Carcasona, M.
Andrić, T.
Anglin, J.
Ansoldi, S.
Antelis, J. M.
Antier, S.
Aoumi, M.
Appavuravther, E. Z.
Appert, S.
Apple, S. K.
Arai, K.
Araya, A.
Araya, M. C.
Areeda, J. S.
Aritomi, N.
Armato, F.
Arnaud, N.
Arogeti, M.
Aronson, S. M.
Ashton, G.
Aso, Y.
Assiduo, M.
Assis de Souza Melo, S.
Aston, S. M.
Astone, P.
Aubin, F.
AultONeal, K.
Avallone, G.
Babak, S.
Badaracco, F.
Badger, C.
Bae, S.
Bagnasco, S.
Bagui, E.
Abstract
We present results from a search for X-ray/gamma-ray counterparts of gravitational-wave (GW) candidates from the third observing run (O3) of the LIGO–Virgo–KAGRA network using the Swift Burst Alert Telescope (Swift-BAT). The search includes 636 GW candidates received with low latency, 86 of which have been confirmed by the offline analysis and included in the third cumulative Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalogs (GWTC-3). Targeted searches were carried out on the entire GW sample using the maximum-likelihood Non-imaging Transient Reconstruction and Temporal Search pipeline on the BAT data made available via the GUANO infrastructure. We do not detect any significant electromagnetic emission that is temporally and spatially coincident with any of the GW candidates. We report flux upper limits in the 15–350 keV band as a function of sky position for all the catalog candidates. For GW candidates where the Swift-BAT false alarm rate is less than 10<sup>−3</sup> Hz, we compute the GW–BAT joint false alarm rate. Finally, the derived Swift-BAT upper limits are used to infer constraints on the putative electromagnetic emission associated with binary black hole mergers.