Steady-state analysis of unbalanced distribution networks with high penetration of photovoltaic generation

Thrust for clean energy has led to increasing penetration of Photovoltaic (PV) generation in distribution networks. Multiple factors affecting the steady-state operations of unbalanced distribution networks in the presence of PV generation necessitates detailed modelling of all network components in order to assess the impact of Distributed Generation (DGs). This chapter provides an overview of phase-domain modelling of distribution networks, need and application of sequential time simulations (STS) in determining feeder response characteristics in the presence of PVDGs and factors affecting their response characteristics. Parameters such as hosting capacity of feeder, voltage profile, active and reactive power demand, reverse power flow, power factor and performance of voltage regulating equipment are discussed. Necessity and role of energy storage systems is also discussed for the distribution networks with PVDGs. Several case studies are presented to elaborate the effect of PVDGs on steady-state operations of unbalanced distribution networks.