Functionally graded materials in medical applications

Functionally graded materials are engineered materials fabricated by systematically changing material composition, microstructure, or processing parameters that show gradual variations in the desired properties across their volume, unlike traditional homogeneous materials, where properties are consistent throughout. Functionally graded materials are inspired by natural structures like bones and teeth. Hence, functionally graded materials have recently garnered significant attention in implants, drug delivery, and tissue engineering applications due to their ability to mimic natural structures. Additionally, these materials allow for patient-specific customization, precisely matching individual anatomical requirements and providing tailored solutions for advanced implant technologies, personalized drug delivery systems, and tissue-engineered constructs that closely resemble native tissues. Therefore, this chapter instigates by providing a comprehensive overview of functionally graded materials, fabrication methods, and design principles. Then, explain their application in implants, drug delivery, tissue engineering, and many more, discussing how these materials can enhance performance, functionality, and biocompatibility. Furthermore, this chapter also discusses the challenges and future directions of functionally graded materials in clinical applications.