Investigation of atmospheric clouds and boundary layer dynamics during a dust storm in the Western-Indian region

This study investigates the dynamics of atmospheric clouds and boundary layer due to a sudden dust storm over Ahmedabad (23.02° N, 72.57° E), a Western-Indian region, during the pre-monsoon season on May 13, 2024. The storm was triggered by the outflow from convective systems originating in southwest Gujarat and southeast Rajasthan, combined with the significant deepening of the thermal low core over Ahmedabad, which generated strong near-surface winds and initiated the dust storm. These systems and the dust storm were captured by the INSAT-3D satellite and MODIS instrument on NASA's Aqua and Terra satellites. The ground-based Ceilometer Lidar backscatter profile showed an abrupt change in the mixed layer height (MLH) from ∼2.5 km to about 250 m during the storm due to attenuation of the signal by heavy dust load. The MLH, ∼2 km on 12 May (previous day), shallowed to ∼800 m on 14 May (post dust storm day), with increased backscatter indicating high dust concentration. Vertical visibility dropped to 340–660 m during the dust storm. During the storm, relative humidity near the surface increased from 29% to 48% due to moisture transport by frontal system along the density current pathway, while near-surface wind speeds peaked at around 6–10 m/s. After the storm, deep convective clouds formed with a vertical extent of ∼11 km, resulting in approximately 19 mm of rainfall with nearly 15 mm falling within just 1 h indicating the dust-cloud interaction. This study highlights the impact of moist convection and subsequent dust storm on clouds and boundary layer dynamics, emphasizing the importance of ground-based instruments, satellites, and reanalysis datasets in atmospheric monitoring. Understanding the causes, mechanisms, and consequences of dust storms is critical for mitigating their effects and adapting to the changing climate patterns that may influence their frequency and intensity.