Flow Dynamics and Pollutant Transport at an Artificial Right-Angled Open-Channel Junction with a Deformed Bed

Artificial open-channel junctions have sharp corners and a smaller width-to-depth ratio. Despite numerous studies on channel junctions, knowledge on turbulent structures and their role in mixing at artificial junctions is lacking. To fill this research gap, the present study uses a large-eddy simulation (LES) model to investigate the three-dimensional (3D) turbulent structures and their role in pollutant transport at a right-angled laboratory open-channel junction with a deformed bed. The deformed-bed junction represents a quasi-equilibrium condition and consists of a scour zone and deposition bar. The numerical model is validated against experimental data of the velocity field and turbulent kinetic energy. Comparisons of the flow field between the flat-bed condition and quasi-equilibrium deformed-bed condition showed a reduced flow separation zone and less developed recirculating gyre in the latter case because of the strong secondary currents. The coherence of the turbulent structures was drastically disrupted at the deformed-bed junction because the Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH) instability results in more randomly oriented residuals. In contrast, the breakdown of the shear layer at a flat-bed junction displayed the trail of the arch-shaped vortices. The role of turbulent structures in pollutant transport is elucidated by using a neutrally buoyant conservative tracer. Large turbulent structures associated with the KH instability help the tracer evolve faster at the deformed-bed junction.